9-11 Memorial

9-11 Memorial-
please post your impressions or reflections here.

Zuccotti Park protests

"Occupy Wall Street" -
please post your impressions or observations.

Here's a link to an online debate entitled,"Is it effective to occupy Wall Street?" You can read some comments and respond here.
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/10/06/can-occupy-wall-street-spark-a-revolution/occupy-wall-street-should-beware-of-the-old-guard

St Paul's Chapel (9/11 Connection)

• Located on Fulton and Broadway
• 18^th century Episcopal Church 
• Right near ground zero
•  Relief center for 9/11 victims
• Over 5,000 people volunteered their services 
• Offered massage therapists, home cooked meals, medical attention
• Known as the  “Barbeque on Broadway” 

Federal Hall

Originally known as City Hall (name changed to Federal Hall at 1789)

Was location of Zenger's Freedom of Press trials

Location of Stamp Act Congress

After American Independence was location of Congressional meetings (while NYC was capital of United States)  George Washington was elected President here

Bills that were adopted in Federal Hall

Bill of Rights
Judiciary Act of 1789
Northwestern Ordinance

Original Federal Hall torn down 1812, reopened in 1842 as custom's house

Today it is a national memorial, administered by National Park Service

Drawing of City Hall

Drawing of City Hall
http://assets.nydailynews.com/img/2010/07/02/gal_1776_11.jpg

Federal Hall today

Federal Hall Today
http://www.museumplanet.com/image/nyc/fh/fh006.jpg

African Burial Ground

• The Burial Ground Site is located at 290 Broadway between Duane & Reade Streets
• Discovered in 1991 because federal government was building an office building
• Is 1 mile north of Wall Street.
• Restrictions were placed on burial ceremonies
• Number people could be no more than 12
• Could only happen while the sun was out, which against some African customs
• 360 human remains were excavated:
• 92% of African origin
• 45% were children/younger than 6 years old
• Artifacts were also excavated
• There are estimated to be about 10,000 to 20,00 interments
• Is now designated as a national historic landmark

Facts from:

1. http://discoverblackheritage.com/african-burial-ground/

2. http://www.africanburialground.gov/ABG_Main.htm

3. Mr. Swirbul's handout

Images:
1. African Burial Ground Memorial 3-perspective view:
http://discoverblackheritage.com/african-burial-ground/
(viewed 10/6/11)

2. Street Sign:
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/06/nyregion/06burial.html
(viewed 10/6/11)

Alexander Hamilton tombstone/personal story

•  
• Born on January 11, 1755
• 1777 became a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army
•  Assistant for George Washington 
• Drafted many of his letters
• sent on important military missions
• wrote many reports about reforming and reorganizing the army
• Believed and tried to bring about strong central government
• Practiced law in New York City
• 1784 founded the Bank of New York
• Restored the King's college as Colombia college
• Died July 12, 1804

City Hall Park/Commons, Liberty Pole

1. City Hall Park used to be called the New York Common
2. Gathering place for colonists
3. Some of the most notorious British prisons were built in what is now City Hall park
4. City Hall Park used to be a center for gathering to discuss conflict when it was the Commons
5. Liberty pole was set up on the common which was constantly attacked by British soldiers
• The Liberty Pole was put up by the Sons of Liberty to express the desire for liberty and the defiance to the acts of Parliament
6. There were several liberty poles put up by the Sons of Liberty around 1776
• When the soldiers took down a pole the  people would construct a new one and put into place again 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Works Cited

Bankoff, Arthur H., and Alyssa Loorya. "The City Hall Park Project." Archaeology Magazine. Archaeological Institute of America, 2007. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/cityhallpark/>.

"Cityhallnathanhale." New York Freedom Trail. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nyfreedom.com/cityhall.htm>.

"File:City Hall Park - New York City.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 9 May 2007. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Hall_Park_-_New_York_City.jpg>.

Fraunces Tavern Museum. "Fraunces Tavern Museum." Fraunces Tavern Museum - Home Page. Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York (, 2010. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. <http://www.frauncestavernmuseum.org/war_nyc.html>.

"Liberty Pole." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 10 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_pole>. 

Trinity Church

-Bought for an annual rent of 60 bushels of wheat
-Built and rebuilt 3 times
-First church was built in 1698
-British military and political base during the revolutionary war
-Second church was built in 1790
-Third, and current, church was built in 1846
-Church spire was, for a long time, the highest point in NYC

The Bowling Green

• New York City's first park 
• Small public park in Lower Manhattan 
• Originally was the spot for the cattle market and for parades
• In 1626, held the legendary sale of Manhattan to Peter Minuit
• In 1733, offered for rent for one peppercorn per year 
• First designated as a park in 1733 
• Has an iron fence which has become a New York City landmark 
• Redesigned in 1939 
• Restored to its original 18th century look in 1976 
• Charging Bull added in 1989
• Symbolized "the strength, power, and hope of the American people for the future" 

St. Paul's Chapel

St. Paul's Chapel

• Built from 1746-1766 as a "Chappell of Ease"
• Built on land given by Queen Anne
• Declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960
• After 9/11 it became a refuge and a shelter for people who were part of rescue and recovery, became a center of mediation.  3,000 meals were donated per day. 
• Althought the church is only a block away from Ground Zero it didn't have any major damage. 
• George Washington worshiped at St. Paul's chapel on his inauguration day and attended services in the two years that New York was the capital city.  His pew was in the north aisle and was the only pew not removed when the church was used for 9/11 rescue. 
• Oldest public building in use and oldest church in New York City
• A branch of Trinity Church
• The architecture was done by Thomas McBean who was influenced by St. Martin's-in-the-Fields in London.  The interior decoration was done by Pierre L'Enfant who eventually became Major of Engineers in the Continental Army. 

"St. Paul's Chapel – Trinity Church." Web. 6 Oct 2011. <http://www.nycago.org/Organs/NYC/html/StPaulsChapel-Trinity.html>.

"St. Paul's Chapen-Timeline." Web. 6 Oct 2011. <http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/history/timeline>.

Brooklyn Bridge

Construction was planned in 1855

Designed for 6 times the strength it needed to be, but only turned out to be 4 times

The designer was John Augustus Roebling

1867 - New York bridge company founded to take on spanning the east river

Opened for use in 1883, around 13 years after the start of construction

Costing 15.5 million dollars and took 27 lives

The bridge at the time was 50% bigger than all other bridges in the United States

Spanned 1,595 feet and 6 inches

The Brooklyn bridge was thought to be unstable, so Mr P T Barnum, took a parade of 21 elephants over the bridge to prove its stability.

George Washington's Evacuation of Brooklyn

• Washington's flawless evacuation of Brooklyn is one of the greatest moments in warfare, and only three straglers were captured and four men wounded.
• Washington used ten flag boats to cross the east river at the ferry, first escorting the horses, artillery, gunpowder, and food, then escorting the army. 
• Washington made the order sound like they were sending for reinforcements and to return the wounded so the British would not make a rush to the ferry.
• marriners were prepared to escort the boats at seven p.m. and lasted to seven a.m.
• tide changes impeded then helped transportation between 8 and 11 p.m.
• 1000 en under General Mifflin stayed back to man the camps and hold the rear.
• at break of dawn fog appeared which helped cover the escape of Mifflin's men.
• the ferry still exists today as the Fulton Ferry Landing. 

"Brooklyn Bridge and Fulton Ferry." Photograph. First Last. Web. 6 Oct 2011. <http://fultonferrylandingassociation.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/763px-loc_brooklyn_bridge_and_east_river_7.png>.

Robert Fulton Tombstone/Personal story and influence

• Robert Fulton was involved in many different projects, including inventing various tools and working with the U.S. Navy on the creation of the torpedo.

• Robert Fulton worked with Robert Livingston (who had financial and political influence) to design and assemble a steamboat.
  

• He named it "The North River Steamboat”, but it was later called the "Clermont."
  

• The boat left New York City, and went up the Hudson River to Albany in 32 hours. It became the first permanent commercial route on the Hudson River in history and the steamboat was Fulton’s biggest project.

• When he was 49, he developed pneumonia which killed him. He died in his home area which is now known as Battery Place in lower Manhattan. His body was kept there until he was moved to the historic Trinity Church (where his funeral took place). His service was attended by representatives from both the National and State governments as well as high officials of the City of New York.

• The vault where he was buried became weather beaten and Fulton's name was never added to the list of the people in the chamber, so his burial place was never well known at all. On the top of the vault was a brownstone slab, and the writing on the slab were completely destroyed. In 1901, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers wanted to resolve what happened by placing a cenotaph marker. It's located a short distance from the burial vault. The memorial is a column that has a bronze medallion portrait on one side of it.
  

• In 1909, the Postal Service created the Two Cent Hudson-Fulton Celebration stamp. The stamp commemorated the first demonstration of a sustainable steamship: "The Clermont."
  

Burial: Trinity Churchyard in Manhattan, NY.
Plot: Northern Section, Livingston family vault 1815-3B

Dodge, Russ. Robert Fulton. Mar. 2008. Find a Grave. N.p., 5 Apr. 2008. Web. 4 Oct. 2011. .

Greyfield, Donald. “Robert Fulton.” Find a Grave. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2011. .

Robert Fulton. N.d. Wikispaces. Tangient, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2011. .

Trinity Church Graveyard. N.d. Public Domain Clip Art. N.p., 9 Oct. 2010. Web. 3 Oct. 2011. .